The other half and I spent a very pleasant fortnight grabbing some autumn sun in a rented Spanish villa about ten years ago.
Our neighbour was a British ex-pat who had moved there to live full time and who made his basic living out of selling fishing gear from a converted camper van and a peripatetic market stall. While this paid the day to day bills the cream on his cake was organising Carp and Catfish fishing holidays for Brit enthusiasts camping out on the Ebro for a week / weekend / fortnight - you pays your money, you gets your choice.
He was very interesting in his account of how the river had developed over the years he had been hosting. When he started out ten years before (ie. circa 2000) the Ebro held a huge head of big Carp, with regular 50 - 60lb fish coming out to his guests, almost to the extent that he could guarantee that a 40lb+ fish would be caught by one or more if not all of his guests. Business was good and Catfish really didn't feature. The odd big one (40 - 50lbs) might be caught by accident and made a nice occasional surprise for his punters, but the Carp and other size able silver fish were the dominant biomass in the river.
Fast forward ten years to 2010 when this conversation took place and things had seriously changed on the Ebro. Smaller Carp (ie. 20lbs or less) had all but disappeared, that is, been eaten by the now dominant and growing Catfish population. Other / Silver fish ? Gone, hoovered out of existence by the growing and voracious Catfish hordes. There were still a few of the larger Carp hanging on, too big to be eaten by the then population of Catfish, but he had to radically change his business offering from Carp fishing to Catfish.
Four years on in 2014 we went back and I had another conversation with him. By this time he was reporting enormous Catfish in the 80 - 100lb range coming out of the Ebro, and had entirely changed his website / holiday offering to Catfish and Catfish primarily, with only a peripheral mention of the possibility of a large carp. Other fish.... none. Nothing. Riente. Nada. Cleaned out, including almost all of the kittens, eaten by Big Daddy and Mommy for want of anything else to eat.
Another two years to 2016... (OK, We're creatures of habit and the villa was owned by a friend of a friend and cost us virtually nothing....) and the last conversation I had with him about the Ebro and fish to be found there.
He said that the river had a head (but no longer a substantial head) of huge Catfish, and I mean huge if he was to be believed, but that there was nothing left for them to eat but each other. Literally. They'd eaten everything in the river they could, and were now starving for want of prey. He was turning up at the riverside and finding dead rotting 100lb Catfish drifting about in the margins. Not good for business and he was on the verge of selling up and returning to Britain.
Not least because the local organised crime mafia (I know, Mafia = italy, Spain is... damned if I know, but whatever their equivalent is) + some less than savoury East end crime ex-pats and Eastern European thugs had picked up on the huge demand and profits to be made selling idiots the 50lb+ / 100lb+ Carp / Catfish challenge. If I can put this in context the guy was no wimp. Think of the Rock's bigger older brother with two pet Rotweillers. And he was, if I am any judge, genuinely and seriously scared.
Anyway, back to the point, his parting shot was to note that as these dead monsters were washing up on the bank the river itself was showing signs of a revival of smaller carp, silver fish and a few survivor kittens. He expressed it as his view that the river would eventually - and we're talking 20 - 30 odd years- settle down to a level of mixed fishery biomass where Silver fish, decently sized Carp and a less extreme range of Catfish would finally sort out an equilibrium of sorts. Or maybe not ? Who knows.
The basic point that I derived is that the introduction of Catfish to an environment that has not previously had an establised population of them destructively spiralled out of control. Albeit over a period of 20 years or so and in a much hotter environment than in the UK.